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A term applied to studies involving matching when the matching variable is strongly related to exposure but not to disease risk. Such

Models that contain more unknown parameters than can be justified by the data.

The phenomenon that arises when empirical variance in the data exceeds the nominal variance under some assumed model. Most often encountered when

An observation falling outside the limits                                 

A multidisciplinary field of study that seeks to understand and improve the end results of particular health care practices and interventions.

Two polynomials p i (x) and p j (x) of degree i and j respectively are said to be orthogonal if they

A square matrix that is such that multiplying the matrix by its transpose results in an identity matrix.

A term that occurs in several areas of statistics with different meanings in each case. Most commonly encountered in relation to two

The probability that n random variables X1, X2, . . ., Xn are all positive when the n variates have a joint